Hello!
Insofar as I know, there is no repository for Zelda-specific geographic locations anywhere, although I wish there were. It would be fascinating to put together. To me, the most obvious example of a Zelda location having been inspired by a place in the world is the location of the fight with Demise in Skyward Sword; the glassy-surfaced water is likely Bolivia's Salar de Uyuni. (I've attached a link to Nat. Geo. below.) Obviously, the architectures of these games are highly influenced by the real world, but geographic location would be harder to pin down, as geography tends to be a bit more "repetitive" across the world, given common climes, plate movement, etc. (There isn't an element of human design to it, obviously, unless you count things like the Spiral Jetty, as in your original post.)
A few other places that might demonstrate connected influences are:
Dueling Peaks (Breath of the Wild) and Sado – The Gold Mine Island in Japan (Link:
http://buffalotrip.com/japan/travel-writing-and-blogging/8-days-in-tohoku:-sado-the-gold-mine-island-(part-i).html - scroll down to Sado.)
Cape Cresia and Cape Cod share no small degree of smiliarity in shape, though certainly not in climate or biodiversity.
Lastly, from the top of my head, Lake Totori and the Rito Village are slightly reminiscent of Zhangjiajie National Forest Park in Hunan, China.
Demise Fight:
https://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/destinations/south-america/bolivia/how-to-see-salar-de-uyuni-salt-flats-bolivia/Hope any of that helps you, or helps to sate your curiosity! I'd be absolutely thrilled to do some more research on this topic; just let me know if you want to pursue this any farther.
Best,
Hennethannun
"There is no such thing on earth as an uninteresting subject; the only thing that can exist is an uninterested person."
- G.K. Chesterton